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You are here: Home / Forensic Disciplines / Digital Evidence

Digital Evidence

Contents:

  • Reports and Publications
  • From the Blog
  • Featured Articles
  • Trainings
  • Websites
  • Books
  • Cases
  • Motions and Briefs
  • In the News

Digital forensics encompasses the activity of computers, networks, databases, cell phones, cell towers, digital cameras, GPS devices and other types of digital or electronic evidence. Issues to be considered may include search and seizure, preservation of data, privacy, acquisition, analysis of digital media, and the production of a report that can be used in court.

NACDL’s Fourth Amendment Center provides resources to criminal defense lawyers and their clients through a toolkit of resources for lawyers and litigation suppport as well as continuing education and case consultation on emerging issues regarding technology, privacy, and constitutional rights.

Reports and Publications

  • OSAC Registry Approved Standards, NIST

    The Organization of Scientific Area Committees for Forensic Evidence (OSAC) develops documentary standards for forensics through a standards developing organization or other consensus-based process that allows for participation and comment from relevant stakeholders. Standards under consideration as well as approved standards are available in the OSAC Registry. Standards are being developed for each forensic discipline.

  • NIJ Digital Evidence Policies and Procedures Manual, FTCOE

    The National Institute of Justice’s (NIJ) Forensic Technology Center of Excellence published a Digital Evidence Policies and Procedures Manual to be used as a guide for law enforcement agencies in developing manuals of their own. The manual contains procedures for handling and retaining digital evidence, information about what should be documented in lab reports, and information about quality assurance in digital evidence labs.

  • Preparing Testimony about Cellebrite UFED in a Daubert or Frye Hearing, Cellebrite

    This manual is designed to help attorneys prepare themselves and their witnesses for Daubert or related challenges to the admissibility of Cellebrite UFED-extracted mobile device evidence. It contains sample voir dire questions.

  • Are There Really Flaws in Cell Phone Location Evidence?

    Blog post by Larry Daniel, Spencer McInvaille, and Eric Grabski addressing the potential for flaws in cell phone location evidence when mapping software is used and other issues with cell tower evidence.

  • Social Media Law Enforcement Guides

    The Electronic Frontier Foundation received a number of guides regarding information that is maintained by various social networking sites and how to request that information. The guides are posted on their website, under the “documents” tab, scroll down to Social Media Law Enforcement Guides.

  • Retention Periods of Major Cellular Service Providers

    The Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section of the U.S. Department of Justice gathered information about the retention periods for call details, cell tower information, text message content, pictures, and other types of data. This information has been posted online by the ACLU.

  • Digital Evidence Subpoena Guide

    This guide contains addresses and phone/fax numbers for the legal departments/subpoena compliance centers of cellular providers and social media sites. Please be aware of 2014 Formal Ethics Opinion 7 when issuing subpoenas. John Rubin’s 2017 blog post on subpoenaing-of-state materials is available here. Email Sarah Rackley Olson if you have any corrections or updated information for the subpoena guide.

  • Guide to Child Pornography Cases

    Larry Daniel addresses common issues with child pornography cases in this guide. Topics include what information an expert will need and what services an expert may be able to provide. Daniel provides an explanation of technical terms commonly used in these cases.

  • Getting Facebook into Evidence

    This guide, prepared by Larry Daniel, provides information on the collection, preservation, and authentication of Facebook evidence from a digital forensics perspective.

  • Guidelines on Mobile Device Forensics

    NIST has published these guidelines that establishes methods for preserving and processing digital information on mobile devices.

  • Prosecutors’ use of mobile phone tracking is ‘junk science,’ critics say

    by Aaron Blank, XVIII RICH. J.L. & TECH. 3 (2011). Discusses how a cellular network works, how a cell phone tracks its location, limitations on cell site data as a tracking method, admissibility of cell site data, and constitutional implications for seizure of cell site data. Provides practical suggestions concerning admission and exclusion of this evidence.

  • National Academy of Sciences Report

    See pp. 179-182 for the National Research Counsel’s evaluation of Digital and Multimedia Analysis.

  • Digital Evidence in the Courtroom: A Guide For Law Enforcement and Prosecutors

    This fourth in a series of guides on digital (computer-related) evidence is addressed to law enforcement officers and prosecutors, as it focuses on key issues in the collection, management, preparation, and courtroom presentation of digital evidence.

  • Forensic Examination of Digital Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement

    National Institute of Justice’s recommendations for how law enforcement and crime scene investigators should handle digital evidence. Evidence on cell phones or computers can be changed or destroyed if proper techniques are not used to forensically analyze the data. This guide may be used to cross examine law enforcement officers who did not follow the recommendations for handling this type of evidence.

From the Blog

  • Forensic Update from North Carolina State Crime Laboratory, 1/5/2021
    In Dec. 2020, the NC State Crime Laboratory posted a new Forensic Update for criminal justice stakeholders regarding digital evidence. The update addresses how digital evidence should be submitted to the lab and the lab’s examination capabilities. Attorneys should review the Forensic Update to have a better understanding of how the lab will process digital …
  • Podcast about digital forensic labs, 10/12/2020
    Just Science is a forensic science podcast funded by the NIJ’s Forensic Technology Center of Excellence. The current season of Just Science is devoted to digital evidence, including the history and interpretation of digital evidence, emerging technologies used in investigation and as evidence, and the validation of digital forensic tools.  Attorneys may be particularly interested …
  • The Electronic Frontier Foundation Launches the Atlas of Surveillance, 7/20/2020
    On Monday, July 13th, the Electronic Frontier Foundation put out a press release (available here) announcing the launch of their Atlas of Surveillance. The Atlas, created in partnership with the Reynolds School of Journalism at the University of Nevada, Reno, is a searchable database of the specific surveillance technology law enforcement agencies across the country …
  • “Too Pandora’s Boxy for Silicon Valley” – John Oliver Discusses the Use of Facial Recognition Technology by Law Enforcement, 6/23/2020
    This past Sunday, on his weekly half-hour HBO show, Last Week Tonight, comedian John Oliver discussed the growing prevalence of facial recognition technology in the criminal justice system. The issue is particularly relevant as protestors in the recent demonstrations demanding justice for George Floyd (and the numerous other BIPOC who have been subjected to violence …
  • NIJ Publishes Digital Evidence Policies and Procedures Manual, 5/29/2020
    This month the National Institute of Justice’s (NIJ) Forensic Technology Center of Excellence published a Digital Evidence Policies and Procedures Manual to be used as a guide for law enforcement agencies. The preface to the manual clarifies that policies and procedures should be tailored to fit each lab’s particular circumstances, and further that a manual …
  • Are There Really Flaws in Cell Phone Location Evidence?, 10/23/2019
    Originally posted on the Envista Forensics Blog on Oct. 7, 2019 by Larry Daniel, Spencer McInvaille, Eric Grabski The amount of cell phone record location information being admitted as evidence in trial is occurring at an unprecedented rate. Juries across the U.S., and globally are being presented with call detail record analysis as evidence of …
  • Can law enforcement compel a subject to unlock a device?, 5/3/2019
    The NACDL Fourth Amendment Center has authored a Compelled Decryption Primer to help attorneys litigate the issue of whether law enforcement can compel a suspect to unlock or decrypt a device. The Fourth Amendment requires law enforcement to get a warrant to search a cell phone, even incident to arrest. Riley v. California, 573 U.S. …
  • NACDL’s Fourth Amendment Center Offers Direct Assistance to Defense Lawyers, 6/26/2018
    NACDL’s Fourth Amendment Center now offers direct assistance to defense lawyers handling cases involving new technologies and tactics that may infringe on privacy rights of Americans. The Center’s staff is available to help members of the defense bar in bringing new Fourth Amendment challenges, providing a range of support from training and resources to expert …
  • NACDL Releases Primers on Surveillance, 12/13/2016
    With a focus on Fourth Amendment concerns, the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (NACDL) recently began a series of surveillance primers. The first primers in the series provide information on Automated License Plate Readers, Cell Phone Location Tracking, and Cell Site Simulators. NACDL will periodically release more primers on surveillance technologies. These documents are …
  • Stingrays and Privacy, 10/29/2014
    The Florida Supreme Court recently issued an opinion holding that the Fourth Amendment protections apply to real time cell site location information. The court distinguishes real-time cell site location records from historical data, emphasizing that historical cell site location records are not at issue in this case. This real time location surveillance is done with …
  • Click here for more blog posts on this topic

Featured Articles

  • NIST Tests Forensic Methods for Getting Data From Damaged Mobile Phones, NIST

    This study looks at two methods for accessing data on damaged mobile phones.

  • Compelled Decryption Primer

    NACDL’s Fourth Amendment Center has published a primer on whether law enforcement can compel a suspect to unlock or decrypt a device.

  • New Approaches to Digital Evidence Acquisition and Analysis

    Overview of NIJ research on new approaches to acquiring and analyzing digital media.

Trainings

  • FORENSICS@NIST 2020, NIST
    Offered by NIST
  • NACDL free live webinar: Surveilled Without a Trace – Challenging Digital Evidence Obtained Through RoundUp and Torrential Downpour in Criminal Cases, NACDL
    Offered by NACDL. Presented by Mohammad Ali Hamoudi, Jeff Fischbach, and Robert Herz.
  • NACDL free live webinar: Policing the Police, NACDL
    Offered by NACDL. Presenters: Debbie Levi and Ivan Bates.
  • Webinar – Likes, Posts and Shares: When the Government uses Social Media to Prosecute Your Client, NACDL
    Presenter: Hanni Fakhoury and Rachel Levinson-Waldman. Offered by NACDL on Aug. 6, 2020.
  • CSAFE 2020: Digital Evidence, CSAFE

    This presentation, now available to view for free, was given as a part of the Center for Statistics and Applications in Forensic Evidence’s (CSAFE) 2020 All Hands Meeting. The meeting brings together researchers, forensic partners, and interested community members to discover potential areas for collaboration, highlight the organization’s achievements, and discuss goals for the future.

    The presentation, given by Dr. Padhraic Smyth, a professor of statistics and computer science at the University of California, Irvine, discusses the major accomplishments of various research projects that took place within the world of digital evidence in recent years. Dr. Smyth also describes a number of proposed future digital evidence research projects and opportunities for practitioners to collaborate with researchers from other disciplines.

    Materials:

    • The video of the presentation is available here
    • The slides from the presentation are available here
  • Cell Phone Forensics and Cell Phone Location Evidence Online CLEs



    Envista Forensics will present two free-to-view online CLEs in April. 1.0 hours of General or Information Technology CLE credit is anticipated for each session. Attorneys receiving CLE credit will be billed $3.50 per credit hour by the NC State Bar. The program is being offered for criminal defense attorneys and criminal defense investigators. Registration is available here.

    April 17th 1PM – Basic Cell Phone Forensics
    April 24th 1PM – Basic Cell Phone Location Evidence



  • Cellebrite Webinars

    Cellebrite is offering a series of free online webinars. If you are looking to understand more about cell phone forensics, these programs should offer you a better understanding of what law enforcement or independent experts are able to find when performing a forensic analysis of a cell phone.

    Fundamentals Matter: Part 1 – Basic Setup and Kickstarting the investigation

  • Breaking Through: Challenging Police Credibility, Misconduct, and Overreach CLE

    NACDL is offering a 2-day CLE in Palm Beach, FL that will explore building and using a police database, working with law enforcement experts, what Brady means in modern 2020, and the intersection between technology and misconduct including the ways law enforcement employs body cameras and facial recognition technology. The program includes specific skills-based lectures that will teach effective trial and motions techniques.  

  • Taking Aim at Faulty Forensics: An NCDC Cross-Examination Workshop

    The importance of taking on prosecution forensic experts on behalf of clients cannot be overstated. It is no mystery how powerful forensic evidence is to jurors.  Yet countless wrongful convictions are, in fact, the result of inaccurate, faulty, or unchallenged forensics. This practical workshop will prepare defense counsel to challenge unreliable expert testimony using a mock case involving firearm and digital evidence.

    Tuition is $795.00.  Program dates are January 16-18, 2020 at the University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law at Address:  1201 E. Speedway, Tucson, AZ 85721.  Accommodations (not included in tuition) are offered at the Aloft Tucson University, just 1 mile from the law school. Special hotel block rate is $179.00 (plus tax)/night. Hotel block expires 12/24.

  • 2020 Taking Aim at Faulty Forensics: An NCDC Cross-Examination Workshop

    The National Criminal Defense College will offer a program in Tucson, Arizona on challenging faulty forensic testimony.

    Tuition is $795.00.  Program dates are January 16-18, 2020 at the University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law at Address:  1201 E. Speedway, Tucson, AZ 85721.  Accommodations (not included in tuition) are offered at the Aloft Tucson University, just 1 mile from the law school with a special hotel block rate of $179.00 (plus tax)/night.  (Hotel block expires 12/24.)

  • Digital Hygiene for Defense Lawyers – A Digital Security Checklist

    From encrypting your documents, texts and emails to using a private Internet browser, this webinar will walk through a curated list of tools and tricks designed to protect your work product, your technology, your clients, and your cases. The webinar will feature Matt Mitchell, a hacker, civil rights advocate, and the director of digital safety & privacy at Tactical Tech.

    This free webinar is sponsored by NACDL and is open to criminal defense attorneys, regardless of whether they are NACDL members.

  • Open Forum with the NC State Crime Laboratory CLE

    Co-sponsored by the NC State Crime Laboratory & Office of Indigent Defense Services

    The NC State Crime Laboratory and NC Office of Indigent Defense Services will offer a free-to-attend CLE that is designed to enhance the knowledge of criminal defense attorneys and criminal defense investigators. Senior forensic scientists from the State Crime Lab will present updates and key information about the analysis of physical evidence in the disciplines of Forensic Biology (DNA), Firearms, and Digital Evidence. The Laboratory is working on validating the use of a new software program (STRMix) to interpret DNA mixtures. Once this software is implemented, DNA laboratory reports will have a new format and new conclusions will be used. This program aims to familiarize attorneys with this new program and the testimony that will be provided in court.

    Following these presentations, the speakers will address questions from attorneys. Due to the confidential nature of casework, questions about specific cases will not be answered. Attorneys can schedule a meeting at the State Crime Lab to discuss the case with the analyst. Registration is available here. Attendees are encouraged to submit questions ahead of time using the registration form or by emailing sarah.r.olson@nccourts.org.

    Attorneys receiving CLE credit will be billed $3.50 per credit hour by the NC State Bar. 3.0 hours of general CLE credit is anticipated. Non-attorneys who wish to receive continuing education credit will receive certificates of attendance.

  • Cell Tower Evidence & The Public Defender

    The National Association for Public Defense is sponsoring this one (1) hour training on the importance of cell tower evidence and how to utilize the data to better defend their clients.

    About the Faculty:  Tom Slovenski is the owner of Cellular Forensics, LLC, located in South Carolina. As a former law enforcement detective and now a private forensics examiner, Tom has over 30 years of Law Enforcement and Investigation experience. Tom was a Sergeant with a large metropolitan Sheriff’s Department and member of the Forensics Division while serving as the Senior Investigator of Internal Affairs.

    In the private sector, Tom specializes in mobile phone data recovery and acquisitions, cell tower site analysis and mobile spyware discovery. Tom also endeavors to train attorneys, and other investigative professionals on the importance and value of Cell Phone Data Recovery and Cell Tower Records Analysis. Tom’s classes have been attended by Federal, State and local entities nationwide.

    Tom is the author of a book on Mobile Phone Forensics entitled, “Cellular Forensics for First Responders.”

  • Cell Phone Location Evidence for Legal Professionals

    The Mecklenburg County Public Defender’s Office is hosting a free to attend CLE on Cell Location Evidence for Legal Professionals.

    This CLE is for the criminal defense attorney who faces cell phone location evidence in their cases. The speaker will discuss how cell phones and cell phone networks operate, cell phone call detail records, precision location, and real-time location data. Case examples will be reviewed to see how this information has worked in prior cases. Finally, legal issues with cell location evidence and applicable case law will be covered.

    The speaker will be Spencer McInvaille, a Digital Forensic Examiner, specializing in cellular location analysis at Envista Forensics. He holds certifications in telecommunications and cell phone forensics, such as Cellebrite Certified Operator, Certified Wireless Analyst and Certified Telecommunications Network Specialist. Spencer has qualified and testified as an expert witness in the area of cellular location analysis. Prior to his career at Envista Forensics, Spencer worked in law enforcement as a Violent Crimes Investigator in South Carolina where he investigated crimes such as murder, robbery, and aggravated assault. During his time as a law enforcement officer, Spencer also performed cellular location analysis and mobile forensics. He has over 190 hours of training in cellular location analysis and mobile phone forensics. He has also worked on state and federal cases across the United States.

    The CLE will be held July 12, 2019 at the Mecklenburg County Public Defender’s Office in the 4th Floor Conference Room at 702 E 4th St., Charlotte, NC. Registration begins at 12:00 and the CLE starts at 12:30. Pending approval by the NC State Bar, this CLE is for one general hour and the NC State Bar will charge you $3.50.

    Register here.

    Contact Anthony.Monaghan@mecklenburgcountync.gov for additional information.

  • The Fourth Amendment in the Digital Age

    This one-day NACDL symposium was recorded on April 3, 2015 and is available for free viewing. Topics include how digital searches, government surveillance programs and new technologies are impacting Fourth Amendment protections in criminal cases.

  • Digital Forensics for Attorneys

    60 minute on-demand School of Government virtual CLE by digital forensics expert Larry Daniel that provides an overview of digital forensic concepts, case examples, and relevant terminology. Attorneys will learn the basic information needed to understand the process of computer and cell phone forensics and the proper methods for search and seizure of electronic evidence. The presentation can be viewed for free or for CLE credit.

Websites

  • Electronic Frontier Foundation Atlas of Surveillance

    A searchable database, created by the Electronic Frontier Foundation in partnership with the Reynolds School of Journalism at the University of Nevada, Reno, on the surveillance technologies in use in jurisdictions across the country. The site also contains a glossary with a brief descriptions of each surveillance method listed in the database.

  • UNC School of Government Articles on Digital Evidence
    Blog posts on various topics of digital evidence published at the UNC School of Government.
  • Search the list of more than 30,000 police officers banned by 44 states.

    A USA TODAY Network investigation uncovered records of thousands of police officers investigated for serious misconduct. Starting with lists of officers who lost their law enforcement certification in 44 states, including North Carolina, those records available here.

  • Florida Forensic Science

    A collaboration between the Orlando Public Defender and the National Center for Forensic Science at UC Florida. The site has links to many helpful training videos that help attorneys understand forensic science evidence.

  • NIJ Funded Software Tools, Apps and Databases

    The NIJ has a number of free or low cost software tools that may be of assistance in understanding forensic evidence disciplines of digital forensics, arson investigation, DNA, death investigation, and more.

  • A Simplified Guide to Forensic Science

    The National Forensic Science Technology Center created this website to explain in simplified terms the principles of each type of forensic analysis and how the analysis is performed. Topics include DNA, digital evidence, fingerprints, firearms, trace evidence, blood stains, and more.

  • Digital Evidence Insider

    Forensic Magazine regularly posts articles on digital forensics. Recent topics include: SIM card forensics, cell phone evidence, and collecting computer evidence.

  • NACDL’s Fourth Amendment Center

    Offers direct assistance to defense lawyers handling cases involving new technologies and tactics that may infringe on privacy rights of Americans.

  • Electronic Frontier Foundation

    Nonprofit that defends digital privacy. Website includes information on cell tracking, locational privacy, pen trap, surveillance technologies, and more.

    • Cell Tracking – Considers whether the government can use cell phone records to track the physical location of a suspect without first obtaining a warrant based on probable cause.
    • Printers – Discusses the practice of color laser printer manufacturers encoding of identifying information on each page printed by the machine. Explores the privacy implications of this practice.
    • Revised Opinion in Privacy Case Blurs Clear Limits to Digital Search and Seizure – Discusses a 2010 Ninth Circuit case dealing with proper procedure for electronic searches.
  • FoneFinder

    Provides the name of the service provider associated with a phone number.

  • Retention Periods of Major Cellular Service Providers

    The Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section of the U.S. Department of Justice gathered information about the retention periods for call details, cell tower information, text message content, pictures, and other types of data. This information has been posted online by the ACLU.

  • Database of internet service and other online content providers

    Search this directory of wireless and internet service providers to find contact information for legal departments. This directory was created for law enforcement use through a grant from the DOJ.

  • Digital Evidence Subcommittee

    The Digital Evidence Subcommittee of OSAC focuses on standards and guidelines related to information of probative value that is stored or transmitted in binary form. 

  • Scientific Working Group on Digital Evidence

    Composed of member organizations that are actively engaged in the field of digital and multimedia evidence. Works to foster communication and cooperation and ensure quality and consistency within the forensic community.

Attorneys may use or borrow these books from the IDS Forensic Library located in Durham.

Books

  • Jeffrey B. Welty, Digital Evidence

    A guide to the legal issues presented by the collection of digital evidence in criminal cases, written mainly for North Carolina judges, lawyers, and officers. This book addresses how such evidence may be obtained and the rules that govern its use in court and is available for purchase.

  • Larry E. Daniel & Lars E. Daniel, Digital Forensics for Legal Professionals: Understanding Digital Evidence From the Warrant to the Courtroom
  • Computer Forensics for Dummies

    by Linda Volonino and Reynaldo Anzaldua – this book provides an excellent introduction to the topic. An overview of the materials is available in an online “cheat sheet.”

Cases

  • State v. Gore, 846 S.E.2d 295 (2020)

    Defendant’s CSLI was searched pursuant to a court order, instead of a warrant. However, the court held that the order met the warrant requirements. Thus, there was no error and the defendant was not entitled to suppression of CSLI on Fourth Amendment grounds. 

  • State v. Mitchell, 840 S.E.2d 276 (2020)

    Rule 701 allows a non-expert to testify in the form of opinion or inference where it is rationally based on a perception of the witness and helpful to the determination of a fact in issue. Testimony from a lay witness and an officer about their suspicion that the defendant used an app to conceal text messages and regarding record keeping of those messages was an error, but not plain error.

Motions and Briefs

  • Example Facebook Search Warrant and Non-Disclosure Order, Envista Forensics
  • Example Subpoena Language for Call Detail Records, Envista Forensics
  • Example Discovery Items Pertaining to Mobile Device, Computers, and Cloud Service Forensics, Envista Forensics
  • Order for Cell Phone Records

    Sample order for cell phone records pursuant to a discovery motion.

Digital Evidence in the News

  • Remarkable New Fifth Circuit Decision Limiting Cell Phone Searches, by Orin S. Kerr, The Volokh Conspiracy, 1/10/2021
  • Facial Recognition Technology Cited in False Arrest Case, The Crime Report, 12/30/2020
  • She didn’t know her kidnapper. But he was using Google Maps — and that cracked the case, by Jon Schuppe, NBC, 12/29/2020
  • Insecure wheels: Police turn to car data to destroy suspects’ alibis, by Olivia Solon, NBC, 12/28/2020
  • Challenging Outdated Technology in Court and the Marketplace, by Michael Cherry, Edward J. Imwinkelreid, Jack King, Philip Mause, Elven Riley and Jules Epstein, Advocacy and Evidence Resources - Temple University, 12/12/2020
  • Facial Recognition Programs Are Getting Better at Recognizing Masked Faces, by J.D. Tuccille, Reason, 12/2/2020
  • A surprising number of government agencies buy cellphone location data. Lawmakers want to know why., by Sara Morrison, VOX, 12/2/2020
  • Mass Extraction: The Widespread Power of U.S. Law Enforcement to Search Mobile Phones, by Logan Koepke etal., Upturn, 10/21/2020
  • Click here for more articles on this topic

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